What is Phased Array Antenna?
A phased array antenna is an electronically steerable antenna system consisting of multiple radiating elements whose individual phase and amplitude are controlled to steer the antenna beam in a desired direction without physically moving the antenna. Phased arrays are the enabling technology for beamforming in 5G NR, particularly at mmWave frequencies (FR2) where antenna arrays with 64, 128, or more elements are integrated into both base stations and user devices to overcome the higher path loss at these frequencies.
How Does Phased Array Antenna Work?
Each element in a phased array is fed by a phase shifter (and optionally an amplitude controller) that adjusts the signal’s phase relative to a reference. By applying a progressive phase shift across the array elements, the electromagnetic waves constructively interfere in the desired direction and destructively interfere in others, creating a focused beam. The beam can be steered electronically in microseconds by updating the phase settings — far faster than mechanical steering. In 5G NR, phased arrays at the gNB use digital or hybrid (analog+digital) beamforming with massive MIMO panels. At the UE, smaller phased arrays (4–8 elements) with analog beamforming are typical for FR2 operation.
Use Cases
5G NR FR2 (mmWave) base station massive MIMO panels, 5G mmWave smartphone and CPE antenna modules, FWA customer premises equipment, satellite communication terminals, and radar systems (military and automotive).
3GPP / Standards Reference
3GPP TS 38.104 (NR BS radio — antenna configurations), 3GPP TR 38.810 (OTA test methods for phased arrays), IEEE Std 145 (Antenna definitions)
Related Terms
Beamforming | Beam Steering | Massive MIMO | MIMO | FR2
Learn More
This glossary entry is part of the 5GWorldPro Complete 5G Glossary. To go deeper into 5G architecture and technology, explore our 5G Training courses.
